*** title: ESCC Classics — Classic Papers *** [[00 Home|English]]・[[00 首页| 中文]]・[[en/classics|EN]]・[[zh/classics | 中文]] # Classic papers on ESCC | Author | Year | Topic | Full text | | ---------------- | ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | | Rose | 1968 | First mention of "phytolith" and "sharp spicules" | [[Rose1968.pdf]] | | O'Neill | 1973 | Carcinogenicity of fibres is dependent on their length | [[O‘neill1973.pdf]] | | | 1980 | Silica fibers contaminating flour in Northeast Iran | [[O'Neill1980.pdf]] | | | 1982 | Silica fragments from millet in esophageal mucosa in northern China | [[O'Neill1982.pdf]] | | | 1984 | Plant-derived silica fibers promote carcinogenesis in mouse skin | [[O'Neill1984.pdf]] | | | 1986 | Silica deposits in *Bidens pilosa* L. in South Africa's Transkei | [[O‘neill1986.pdf]] | | Fa Nailiang | 1984 | Aridity and esophageal cancer | [[法乃亮1984.pdf]] | | Lin Peizhong | 1986 | Carcinogenic and promoting effects of fish juice, preserved rice and dried fish | [[Lin1986.pdf]] | | Zhang Hongxu | 1993 | ESCC in rhesus monkeys | [[ZhangHX_1993.pdf]] | | | 1996 | Precancerous esophageal lesions of rhesus monkeys from Taihang | [[ZhangHX_1996.pdf]] | | Li Ke | 2002 | Congou tea drinking and esophageal cancer in South China | [[LiKe2002_tea.pdf]] | | | 2002 | Fermented fish sauce and esophageal cancer in South China | [[LiKe2002_fishSauce.pdf]] | | Hodson and Perry | | Chemical composition and physical properties of plant silica fibres | [[Hodson2016.pdf]] | *** ## Fa Nailiang (法乃亮) * Fa Nailiang. Aridity and esophageal cancer: an investigation of their association. Journal of Henan Academy of Sciences 1984;(1):118–129. (in Chinese) | PDF: [[法乃亮1984.pdf]] Figure 2 of this paper has been reorganized by [[00 Home|Haisheng Wu]] as follows: ![[Aridity_EC_FaNeiLiang.png]] ## Zhang Hongxu, Hou Jinhuai, and colleagues ![[ESCC_classics-20251201.jpeg]] This is an abstract published in *Carcinogenesis, Teratogenesis and Mutagenesis* (癌变・畸变・突变) 1993, issues 5–6. It reports a total of 90 monkeys; the full paper published later reports 89. * Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhu D, Zhao X, Hou J. The Esophageal Carcinoma of Rhesus Monkeys from Taihang Mountain Area of High Morbidity of Esophageal Carcinoma. *Chin J Cancer Res* 1993;5(2):106–109, DOI: 10.1007/bf02997601. | PDF | [[ZhangHX_1993.pdf]] * Zhang H, Zhao X, Hou J, Qian W, Lu X, Zhang H, Zhu D, Xu C. Study on the Precancerous Esophageal Lesions of Rhesus Monkeys from Taihang Area of High Morbidity of Esophageal. *Chin J Cancer Res* 1996;8(1):5–8. | PDF | [[ZhangHX_1996.pdf]] * Hou Jinhuai, Zhang Hongxu, Chen Li. Two cases of esophageal carcinoma in rhesus monkeys from the Taihang Mountain area. Shanghai Journal of Experimental Animal Science 1998;18 (2):91–92. (in Chinese) | PDF: [[太行山地区猕猴食管癌2例_侯进怀.pdf]] > In January 1989, the Biology Department of Henan Normal University captured 24 rhesus monkeys from Hui County in the Taihang Mountain area; in March 1990, another 72 monkeys were captured from the outskirts of Jiyuan City. All were kept at the farm. Over the following years more than 50 infant monkeys were bred. All monkeys passed quarantine inspection on arrival and were healthy; none had been used in drug experiments. The more than 100 monkeys were fed at fixed times, two meals a day, with water available around the clock; the staple diet was locally produced corn, wheat and soybean, all cooked, supplemented by seasonal fruits and vegetables, to which the monkeys adapted well. In 1990, however, two monkeys died of esophageal cancer, as reported below. > Since the two cases of esophageal cancer deaths in 1990, no new cases have been found to date. It is inferred that the two diseased monkeys had already contracted early esophageal cancer in their place of origin (the Taihang Mountain area), which progressed and worsened after arrival at the farm, until death. > After the two monkeys died of esophageal cancer, in June 1991 the authors conducted esophageal balloon cytology and fiberoptic endoscopy on the 89 rhesus monkeys from the Taihang Mountain area kept in captivity. The results showed that, apart from 27 (30%) normal, the remaining 62 (70%) had varying degrees of cell proliferation, and the degree of proliferation increased with age [this cites the 1996 English paper by Zhang Hongxu; the English paper states that all 89 monkeys were wild-caught, not farm-born]. * Lang Zagen, Hou Jinhuai, Zhu Xiangjun, Tang Yisheng, Ma Baoquan, Fan Hongjun. (1999). Quarantine inspection report on wild rhesus monkeys from the Taihang Mountain area. Chinese Journal of Animal Quarantine, 16 (4), 20-21. (in Chinese) | PDF: [[太行山地区野生猕猴检验检疫报告_郎扎根.pdf]] In the high-incidence areas of esophageal cancer in North China, domesticated chicken flocks, goats and rhesus monkeys also show high rates of esophageal cancer. For example, cytological examination of the esophageal epithelium of 89 wild Taihang Mountain rhesus monkeys found that up to 30% had severe esophageal epithelial hyperplasia (Figure 4) (Lang ZG et al., 1999). A carcinogenic factor shared by humans and animals cannot be scalding hot food or drink. ![[TaihangMonkeyCytologyB.jpg]] ## Lin Peizhong (林培中) * Lin Peizhong, Zhang Jinsheng, Ding Zhenwei, Cai Haiying. (1986). Carcinogenic and promoting effects of fish juice, preserved rice and dried fish from a high-incidence area of esophageal cancer on the forestomach epithelium of mice and esophageal epithelium of rats. Chinese Journal of Oncology (中华肿瘤杂志) 1986;8 (5):332-335. (in Chinese) | PDF: [[Lin1986.pdf]] **Homemade (family-brewed) fish sauce** can promote the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Commercially sold fish sauce showed relatively no promoting effect. This paper is very important. Haisheng Wu has translated the key points into English: [[en/lin-peizhong-1986|Lin Peizhong 1986 (key points in English)]] ## Li Ke (李克) * Li K, Yu P, Zhang ZX, Huang SS, Huang G, Ma XH. Congou Tea Drinking and Oesophageal Cancer in South China. *Br J Cancer* 2002;86(3):346–347, DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600054. | PDF | [[LiKe2002_tea.pdf]] Not drinking Congou tea: elevated ESCC risk, OR ≈ 2.5. Not drinking *hot* Congou tea: elevated ESCC risk, OR ≈ 25. * Li K, Yu P, Zhang ZX. Novel Epidemiologic Evidence for the Association between Fermented Fish Sauce and Esophageal Cancer in South China. *Int J Cancer* 2002;99(3):424–426, DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10293. | PDF | [[LiKe2002_fishSauce.pdf]] Eating fermented fish sauce daily can increase ESCC risk by about 16-fold. ## O'Neill The key findings and graphical data from O'Neill et al.'s series of papers on silica fiber-induced carcinogenesis are summarized here: [[en/oneill-silica-fibers|O'Neill's silica fiber series (summary)]] ## Hodson and Perry Full-text papers on the chemical composition and physical properties of plant silica fibres: * [[Hodson2016.pdf]] — formation process and chemical composition of phytoliths in hair cells * [[Hodson1994.pdf]] — silicified fibres are cleared or fragmented in animal tissues after 7 days * [[Hodson1984.pdf]] — silica deposition in hair cells during plant growth * [[Perry1987.pdf]] — chemical composition of unacid-treated silicified fibres: 40% silicon, 55% polysaccharide, <5% protein ## Previously explored risk factors of ESCC * Pickled vegetables: IARC evaluation ([PICKLED VEGETABLES - Some Naturally Occurring Substances - NCBI Bookshelf](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513652/)); a case-control study in Linxian showed no association. [[Li1989.pdf]]